2020年山东卷
第一部分 阅读(共两节，满分50分)
第一节 (共15小题;每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
POETRY CHALLENGE
Write a poem about how courage, determination, and strength have helped you face challenges in your life.
Prizes
3 Grand Prizes:Trip to Washington, D.C. for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner's choice. Trip includes round-trip air tickets, hotel stay for two nights, and tours of theNational Air and Space Museum and the office of National Geographic World.
6 First Prizes: The book Sky Pioneer: A Photobiography of Amelia Earhart signed by author Corinne Szabo and pilot Linda Finch.
50 Honorable Mentions: Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners, who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earhart's final flight.
Rules
Follow all rulescarefully to prevent disqualification.
■ Write a poem using 100 words or fewer. Your poem can be any format, any number of lines.
■ Write by hand or type on a single sheet of paper. You may use both the from and back of thepaper.
■ On the same sheet of paper, write or type your name, address, telephone number, and birthdate.
■ Mail your entry to us by October 31 this year.
1.How many people can each grand prize winner take on the free trip?
A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Six.
2.What willeach of the honorable mention winners get?
A. A plane ticket. B.A book by Corinne Szabo.
C. A special T-shirt. D.A photo of Amelia Earhart.
3.Which of the following will result in disqualification?
A. Typing your poem out. B.Writing a poem of 120 words.
C. Using both sides of the paper. D.Mailing your entry on October 30.
1.A根据Prizes部分的描述，每个大奖获得者可以带一个家长和一个自己选择的其他人一起去华盛顿特区旅行，因此每个大奖获得者可以免费带两个人旅行，选项A“Two”为正确答案。
2.C在Prizes部分中提到，荣誉奖获得者将获得一件纪念埃尔哈特最后一次飞行的T恤，因此每个荣誉奖获得者将得到一件特别的T恤，选项C“A special T-shirt”为正确答案。
3.B在Rules部分中明确提到，参赛作品必须使用100个单词或更少，因此写一首120个单词的诗将会导致参赛者被取消资格，选项B“Writing a poem of 120 words”为正确答案。其他选项在Rules部分中均未提及会导致取消资格。
B
Jennifer Mauer has needed more willpower than the typical college student to pursue her goal of earning a nursing degree. that willpower bore fruit when Jennifer graduated from university of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and became the first in her large family to earn a bachelor's degree.
Mauer, of Edgar, Wisconsin, grew up on a farm in a family of 10 children. Her dad worked at a job away from the farm, and her mother ran the farm with the kids. After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition (学费), because there was no extra money set aside for a college education. After graduation, she worked to help her sisters and brothers pay for their schooling.
Jennifer now is married and has three children of her own. She decided to go back to college to advance her career and to be able to better support her family while doing something she loves: nursing. She chose the UW-Eau Claire program at Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield because she was able to pursue her four-year degree close to home. She could drive to class and be home in the evening to help with her kids. Jennifer received great support from her family as she worked to earn her degree: Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills, and her 68-year-old mother helped take care of the children at times.
Through it all, she remained in good academic standing and graduated with honors. Jennifer sacrificed to achieve her goal, giving up many nights with her kids and missing important events to study. "Some nights my heart was breaking to have to pick between my kids and studying for exams or papers," she says. However, her children have learned an important lesson witnessing their mother earn her degree. Jennifer is a first-generation graduate and an inspiration to her family - and that's pretty powerful.
4.What did Jennifer do after high school?
A. She helped her dad with his work.
B. She ran the family farm on her own.
C. She supported herself through college.
D. She taught her sisters and brothers at home.
5.Why did Jennifer choose the program at Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield?
A. To take care of her kids easily.
B. To learn from the best nurses.
C. To save money for her parents.
D. To find a well-paid job there.
6.What did Jennifer sacrifice to achieve her goal?
A. Her health.
B. Her time with family.
C. Her reputation.
D. Her chance of promotion.
7.What can we learn from Jennifer's story?
A. Time is money.
B. Love breaks down barriers.
C. Hard work pays off.
D. Education is the key to success.
答案解析：
4. 根据文章第二段，"After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition (学费), because there was no extra money set aside for a college education." 这句话表明Jennifer在高中毕业后去了当地的一所技术学院，并且通过工作来支付自己的学费。因此，选项C "She supported herself through college." 是正确的。
5. 文章第三段提到，"She chose the UW-Eau Claire program at Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield because she was able to pursue her four-year degree close to home." 这说明Jennifer选择这个项目是因为它离家近，这样她可以在晚上回家帮助照顾孩子。因此，选项A "To take care of her kids easily." 是正确的。
6. 文章第四段中，Jennifer提到，"Some nights my heart was breaking to have to pick between my kids and studying for exams or papers." 这表明她为了实现目标，牺牲了很多与孩子共度的夜晚。因此，选项B "Her time with family." 是正确的。
7. 整篇文章讲述了Jennifer通过努力工作和牺牲，最终实现了她的目标，获得了护理学位。这个故事告诉我们，通过努力工作，我们可以实现我们的目标。因此，选项C "Hard work pays off." 是正确的。
C
In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr. Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.
Mr. Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stomach. As the author explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.
8.What made Mr Bissell return to Uzbekistan?
A. His friends' invitation. B.His interest in the country.
C.His love for teaching. D.His desire to regain health.
9.What does the underlined word "that" in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Developing a serious mental disease. B.Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C. Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. D.Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
10.Which of the following best describes Mr Bissell's road trip in Uzbekistan?
A. Romantic. B. Eventful. C. Pleasant. D. Dangerous.
11.What isthe purpose of this text?
A. To introduce a book. B.To explain a cultural phenomenon.
C. To remember a writer. D.To recommend a travel destination.
答案解析：
8.B. 根据第一段中的描述，"A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea." 这表明他对这个国家仍然感兴趣，这是他返回的原因。
9.D. 在第二段中，"that"指的是前文提到的目的，即写一篇关于咸海消失的文章。因此，"that"指的是写作活动。
10.B. 根据第三段中的描述，Mr Bissell的经历包括参观历史建筑、与警察的冲突、参加山地葬礼和饮酒派对，以及在卡拉卡尔帕克斯坦看到的尘暴和疾病。这些事件表明他的旅程是充满事件的。
11. A. 整篇文章主要讲述了Tom Bissell的书《Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia》的内容，包括他的旅行经历和对乌兹别克斯坦的观察。因此，文本的目的是介绍这本书。
D
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions, it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the "I'll have what she's having'' effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
12.What isthe recent study mainly about?
A. Food safety. B. Movie viewer ship. C. Consumer demand. D. Eating behavior.
13.What does the underlined word ''beanpoles" in paragraph 1 refer to?
A. Bigeaters. B. Overweight persons. C. Picky eaters. D. Tall thin persons.
14.Why did the researchers hire the actor?
A. To see how she would affect the participants.
B. To testif the participants could recognize her.
C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.
D. To study why she could keep her weight down.
15.On what basis do we "adjust the influence" according to the last paragraph?
A. How hungry we are. B.How slim we want to be.
C. How we perceive others. D.How we feel about the food.
答案解析：
12. D. 该研究关注的是我们的饮食同伴的体型和消费习惯如何影响我们的食物摄入量，这是进食行为的一个关键方面。
13. D. beanpoles"这个词是口语词汇，通常指的是又高又瘦的人，这与超重相反。
14. A. 研究者雇佣演员是为了模拟某些饮食习惯，并观察这些行为如何影响参与者的饮食习惯，而不是为了其他列出的原因。
15. C. 最后一段指出，我们根据如何感知他人来调整影响。如果一个瘦人吃很多，我们可能会效仿，因为我们感知到他们可以吃很多而保持苗条;而如果一个超重的人吃很多，我们可能会有所克制，因为我们感知到他们饮食习惯的负面后果。
