2018年浙江卷
第二部分 阅读理解(共两节，满分35分)
第一节(共10小题;每小题2.5分，满分25分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。
A
In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were66 novels published inBritain.People had been writing novels for a century—most experts date the first novel toRobinson Crusoe in 1719—but nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steam-powered printingpress was still in its early stages; the literacy(识字) rate in England was under 50%. Manyworks of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often withsomething like “By a lady.”Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral, or justplain bad.
In 1870, when Dickens died, the worldmourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved,who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readershipand whose characters — from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim— were held up as moral touchstones.Today Dickens’ greatness is unchallenged. Removing him from the pantheon(名人堂) of English literaturewould make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.
How did Dickens get to the top? For allthe feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and thetest of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60,000 novels were published duringthe Victorian age, from 1837 to1901; today a casual reader might be able toname a half-dozen of them. It’s partly true that Dickens’ style of writingattracted audiences
from all walksof life. It’s partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political andscientific progress. But it’s also that he rewrote the culture of literatureand put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent,ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a singular writer. But as the 200thanniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our ownculture—to understand how he madehimself a lasting one.
21. Which ofthe following best describes British novels in the 18th century?
A. They weredifficult to understand. B. They werepopular among the rich.
C. They wereseen as nearly worthless. D. They werewritten mostly by women.
22. Dickens iscompared with the Mona Lisa in the text to stress________.
A. hisreputation inFrance B.his interest in modern art
C. his successin publication D.his importance in literature
23. What isthe author’s purpose in writing the text?
A. To remembera great writer. B. Tointroduce an English novel.
C. Toencourage studies on culture.D. Topromote values of the Victorian age.
答案解析：
21. C。根据第一段第三句“Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral, or just plain bad.”可知，在18世纪，大多数小说被认为是愚蠢、不道德的，或者说是毫无价值的。因此，C选项“它们被视为几乎毫无价值”与原文描述相符。
22. D。根据第二段最后一句“Today Dickens’ greatness is unchallenged. Removing him from the pantheon of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.”可知，狄更斯的伟大是不可挑战的，将他移出英国文学的名人堂，就像卢浮宫卖掉《蒙娜丽莎》一样没有意义。这里将狄更斯与《蒙娜丽莎》进行比较，是为了强调他在文学中的重要性。因此，D选项“他在文学中的重要性”是正确的。
23. A。根据最后一段最后一句“But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture — to understand how he made himself a lasting one.”可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是为了纪念这位伟大的作家，并探讨他是如何成为一个永恒的作家的。因此，A选项“纪念一位伟大的作家”是正确的。
B
Steven Stein likes to follow garbagetrucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s anenvironmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things thatfall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even moreinteresting is that one of Stein's jobs is defending an industrybehind the plastic shopping bags.
Americans use more than 100 billion thinfilm plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highwaysthat a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台) . The bags are prohibitedin some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing theseheadwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to makethe case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most peopleassume.
Among the bag makers' argument: manycities with bans still allow shoppers to purchasepaper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce andtransport. And while plastic bags may be ugly to lookat, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.z.x.xk
The industry has also taken aim at theproduct that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags. The strongera reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancelsout. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One studyfound that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for theplanet than plastic.
Environmentalists don't dispute(质疑) these points. They hopepaper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the samereusable bags for years.
24. What hasSteven Stein been hired to do?
A. Helpincrease grocery sales. B. Recycle thewaste material.
C. Stop thingsfalling off trucks. D. argue for theuse of plastic bags.
25. What doesthe word “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Bans onplastic bags. B. Effects of citydevelopment.
C. Headachescaused by garbage. D. Plastic bags hungin trees.
26. What is adisadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers?
A. They arequite expensive. B. Replacing themcan be difficult.
C. They areless strong than plastic bags. D. Producing them requires more energy.
27. What isthe best title for the text?
A. Plastic,Paper or Neither B. Industry,Pollution and Environment
C. Recycle orThrow Away D. Garbage Collectionand Waste Control
答案解析：
24. D。根据第二段最后一句"Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume."可知，面对这些逆风，塑料袋制造商雇佣了像斯坦因这样的科学家来证明他们的产品对地球的危害并不像大多数人认为的那样严重。因此，D选项为塑料袋的使用辩护”是正确的。
25. A。根据第二段提到的"plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume"以及第三段提到的"Among the bag makers' argument: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags..."可知，headwinds指的是对塑料袋的禁令。因此，A选项塑料袋的禁令”是正确的。
26. D。根据第四段最后一句"However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make."可知，可重复使用的袋子更耐用，但生产它们需要更多的能源。因此，D选项生产它们需要更多的能源”是正确的。
27. A。整篇文章讨论了塑料袋、纸袋和可重复使用袋子的优缺点，以及它们对环境的影响。文章的核心是讨论哪种袋子更适合使用，或者是否都不适合。因此，A选项塑料、纸还是都不是”作为最佳标题是最合适的。
C
As cultural symbols go, the American car is quite young.The Model T Ford was built at the Piquette Plant in Michigan a century ago,with the first rolling off the assembly line(装配线) on September 27,1908. Only eleven cars were produced the next month. But eventually Henry Fordwould build fifteen million of them.
ModernAmericawas born on the road,behind a wheel. The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of Americanculture: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger. Formost of the last century, the car represented what it meant to be American—going forward at high speed to find new worlds. The roadnovel, the road movie, these are the most typical American ideas, born ofabundant petrol, cheap cars and a never-ending interstate highway system, thelargest public works project in history.
In 1928 Herbert Hoover imagined anAmericawith “achicken in every pot and a car in every garage.” Since then, this society hasmoved onward, never looking back, as the car transformedAmericafrom afarm-based society into an industrial power.
The cars that drove the American Dream havehelped to create a global ecological disaster. InAmericathe demand for oil hasgrown by 22 percent since 1990.
The problems of excessive(过度的)energy consumption, climate change and population growthhave been described in a book by the American writer Thomas L. Friedman. Hefears the worst, but hopes for the best.
Friedman points out that the green economy(经济)is a chance to keep American strength. “The ability todesign, build and export green technologies for producing clean water, cleanair and healthy and abundant food is going to be the currency of power in thenew century.”
28. Why ishamburger mentioned in paragraph 2?
A. To explain Americans’ love for travellingby car.
B. To show the influence of cars on Americanculture.
C. To stress the popularity of fast food with Americans.
D. To praise the effectiveness ofAmerica’s roadsystem.
29. Whathas the use of cars inAmericaled to?
A. Decline of economy. B. Environmental problems.
C. A shortage of oil supply. D.A farm-based society.
30. What isFriedman’s attitude towardsAmerica’sfuture?
A. Ambiguous. B.Doubtful. C. Hopeful. D. Tolerant.
答案解析：
28. B。第二段中提到汽车塑造了一些美国文化中最持久的特点，例如路边餐厅、广告牌、汽车旅馆，甚至汉堡包。这里提到汉堡包是为了展示汽车对美国文化的影响，因此B选项展示汽车对美国文化的影响”是正确的。
解析：文章第二段讲述了汽车如何塑造了美国文化的一些方面，汉堡包作为美国文化的一个典型代表，其提及是为了说明汽车对文化的影响。
29. B。第四段提到，推动美国梦的汽车帮助创造了一场全球生态灾难。这表明汽车的使用导致了环境问题，因此B选项环境问题”是正确的。
解析：文章第四段明确指出，汽车的普及和使用导致了全球生态灾难，这与环境问题直接相关。
30. C。最后一段中，弗里德曼指出，绿色经济是保持美国力量的机会，他认为设计、建造和出口绿色技术将是新世纪的权力货币。这表明他对美国的未来持乐观态度，因此C选项乐观的”是正确的。
解析：文章最后一段弗里德曼提到了绿色经济是美国力量的机会，并且他对最坏的情况感到恐惧，但仍然抱有最好的希望，这表明他对未来持有希望。
